Love - Theory and Practice in Court Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Love - Theory and Practice in Court - Assignment Example decide employ definite guidelines and philosophies when formulating their verdicts. They atomic number 18 retribution, test of proportionality, rehabilitation, deterrence and restoration. The drive towards court unification can non ultimately lead to a monumental establishment because this will grant the federal official official court organisation excessive power. The dual court system is a two tier judiciary system comprising of the take and Federal court structures. The dual-court system is the product of a universal agreement amongst the countrys founders concerning the requirement for individual severalises to cite considerable legislative power and judicial independence separate from federal control. Unification onto a monolithic court structure appears improbable to occur anytime to combine the differentiate and federal structures, and if it did would likely not be extremely effective. In sentencing, judges are restricted by statutory requirements guided by actual philosophical rationales, executive considerations, and presentence inquiry reports and subjective to their own individual characteristics. Q1. consort to Neubauer and Fradella (2010), the dual court system of the United States comprises federal and state courts, which is a product of federalism. The U.S. Constitution institutes the judicial division of the federal presidentship and stipulates the power of the federal courts. Federal courts have restricted authority only over definite types of cases, for instance, cases concerning arguments surrounded by states, federal rectitudes and cases concerning foreign governments. In other areas, federal courts share authority with state courts. For instance, both federal and state courts might make decisions on cases regarding parties who reside in dissimilar states. State courts cover easy lay authority above a majority of cases. While State courts developed from early colonial ar rangements, federal courts where established by the United States constitution. Dual court system has been affected by its account since the baffle of two court structures still remains. There have been modifications to the individual courts to create them run smoother identical to the three tier homogeneous structure taken up by the state courts. The administration of state courts is by their own constitution and statutes, US Constitution and statutes, rulings and model from superior courts in the state, judgments of the federal courts in their jurisdiction, and by example from the US Supreme Court and federal petition courts in their area of jurisdiction. According to Reid (2011), US Constitution and Statutes, the US Supreme Court, and judgments from the petition courts in their jurisdiction guide the federal courts. The familiarity among federal and state courts is viewed as judicial federalism. Judicial federalism is a hierarchical structure that is unremarkably understood and has a legal establishment. The federal Constitution institutes a national court structure and specifies that discrepancies between federal and state law. These are to be determined in preference of the former, and the judges of the state courts are compiled by this principle. Thus, state courts should give priority to federal over state law, and infer with the federal law in line with existing judgments of the Supreme Court. The Courts fundamental justice and appropriate process guidelines, enunciated to give state courts with the flexibility to extend satisfactory protections of the accused, were regarded as indistinct and subjective. Several state judges made

Rationalization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Rationalization - attempt Example ane of the more famous people who regaind this psychological mathematical operation and explained it in quite an a lot of detail was Max Weber. (Laurence 1998)According to his theory regarding rationalization, it came into being when the people came to be convinced of the conception that religious views were insufficient to provide a proper understanding (Coleman, 1981).In his era, Weber was able to observe this process taking place as a result of the empirical findings that provided proof to the rational understandings plainly he went on to comment about the social evolution (Laurence 1998).According to Weber, rationalization resulted in troika spheres of value- such as the differentiated zones of science, art and law.(Wolfgang 1992)Due to such a divided form of reason and logic, Weber well-tried to prove that the very essence of modernity was at stake (Frey, 1997).Not only was modernity in danger from the disunity of these three forms of val ue but also due to the forte in cognitive, normative and esthetic knowledge that affects every persons daily consciousness and hence, his daily activity.This form of thinking and behavioral methodology results in, as per Webers theory, in a more individualistic mindset earmarking lesser board for the thought of the entire population.(Laurence 1998) such a thinking process would have to result in a mindset in which hardly a(prenominal) made decisions for all and more collective form of decision making would be replaced ( Fararo, 2001). In such a layout, there is little room for oral exchanges as that is replaced by the media which caters to success tilting forms of behavior. Oral exchanges allow greater understanding and relationship building while the media form of exchange leaves little exchanges, hence creating room for personal a communication problem. By having such a mindset in which there is a divide between three important value forms such as science, art and law -the wa y shifts away from the well being of the entire team, population to more of a individualized focus. This paper would go on to explain the impact that the above explained process has and in terms of its implementation in governings. One important aspect of the rationalization process and the organization is the impact on the suppliers. If one was to analyze just about of the negative effects, they could be termed as market distortion, artificial creation of monopolies, and undesirable social outcomes (Frank, 1996).In aim to manage the external resources in an effective manner and to reap better profits, it becomes imperative for the management of an organization to understand the social effects of supplier rationalization. An important element of the entire production making process which has not received its proper due and in order to exercise greater caution in this

The Impact of Technology on the Retail Marketing Essay

The Impact of Technology on the Retail Marketing - Essay ExampleKnowing these trends will part with retailers to incorporate necessary changes including engineering growth and incorporation in their business, increasing communication with customers for loyalty card development and other measures, and allow them to be proactive rather than reactivity (Javadi et al., 2012, 89).The trend that has had a study effect on the retail industry is technological development (Verhoef et al., 2009, 30). The implications for retail strategy are the inevitably to augment the technology in the retail environment include the incorporation of technology in the retail environment to suit the needs of the consumers and ensure sales are made within a short duration (Vel, 2010, 210).Technology development has increased interaction in-store environments by the realization by retailers that to maintain clients they had to ensure a lively, engaging, and interactive. Interaction in stores has been augmen ted using smartphones and tablets that aid in product demonstrations, payment, encouraging sharing in social media, and training of extra information (Ellis-Chadwick, 2007, p.7). Payments are processed in any part of the store in major retail outlets using phones, smartphones, and tablets allowing for shortening of lines and augmenting client satisfaction. Interaction in stores has also been implemented using a large interactive display that engages the consumer, with the feedback being that the experience to the consumer is engaging, interactive and powerful. Interaction has also been augmented through allowing consumers to browse using the mobile devices in the stores to get further information and increase their involvement (Swinyard, 1997, 248).

Request For Proposal Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Request For Proposal - Assignment ExampleThe identified go with goes by the name Go Daddy taking the package on unlimited hosting space. Workers at the development technology department bequeath be trained on ways of updating the meshingsite (Stephen, 2010).Our Comp whatever has worked with a number of nongovernmental organizations. Their websites are up and running while positive recommendations have been provided by the companies. The listings of the websites are theThe above websites were fully implemented by our company from design to provision of hosting services. The profile holds a mixture of nongovernmental, incorporated and governmental websites. This makes our company to have wide experience in dealing with the wide global assorted clientele. Dealing with these clients leaves us being the best company of developing the European Union Website (Lydia, 2003).Our company has been in the business for 10 years specializing in design and implementation of web based systems. The company has vainglorious from five employers to 50 employees in a period of two years. The number working in web site design is 30 people among the hundred workers within the company. Upon receiving this job we will dedicate x of our best designer which will add to 10% of the company workforce to ensure timely spoken language of the website.Our company is located in San Francisco city street 234 Zip 20300. The telephone number that can be used to contact us is 0100-2033-5567. The lines are open 24 hours a day for clients to make any enquiries (Dennis, 2007).The company will employ the prototype exemplar in delivering the project to ensure its reliability and usability. The prototyping model will allow development of the first release of the website which is delivered to users to elicit their opinion on the website. Their opinion will be taken and included in the next release of the software which will be a half finished website with some of the functionalities fully working . The final prototype will

Psychological Disorders Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Psychological Disorders - Term Paper ExampleThis piece of research paper presents a shortened outline in to various psychological disorders and its respective treatments can effectively cure the kind unsoundness or reduce the dangers of it. This paper focuses on major five disorders, namely wit disorder, Anxiety disorder, schizophrenic disorder, Somatoform disorder and Sexual disorder.Mood is sustained feeling tone that a mortal experiences internally and influences his behaviour, billet and perception of the world. Mood can each be normal, elevated or depressed. Mood disorders be mental conditions that are characterized by loss of sense of control and subjective experience of greater distress (Sadock, Kaplan and Sadock, p. 527). Mood disorders are major depression, bipolar disorders, dysthymic disorder and cyclothymic disorders (Weiten, Lloyd and Dunn, p. 483). A patient with mood disorder whitethorn feel euphoric, angry, irritable, dejected, hopeless or apathetic etc.Peopl e with major depressive disorder normally army feelings of sadness and despair and they seem less interested in sources of joyfulness that they previously found pleasure with. Depressed people seem to avoid activities that they previously found enjoyable. People with bipolar disorder are marked by symptoms of both depressive and manic periods (Weiten, Lloyd and Dunn, p. 495). Mania is when an individual becomes excessively active in either talking too much or distracting others or even becoming aggressive to others. When a person experiences both mania and depression, he is bipolar (Morris and Maisto, p. 492- 493). People with dysthymic disorder are found to be more or less depressed for around two years and people with cyclothymic disorder are found to be experiencing emotional ups and downs for several months.Normally, symptomatic treatment is recommended for the affected symptom like mania or depression.

The market for IntensCare product Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The securities industry for IntensCare product - Case Study ExampleThe company enjoys a large-scale trade power because of its innovativeness, formalized process of product discipline and heavy investments in product development (Donnellon and Margolis 2). Presently, MedSys Company has is the leading distributor of the IntensiveCare product in the market. The company has invested huge sums of money, amounting to $20.5 million in growth and launching the product (Donnellon and Margolis 1). Since the product is the most ambitious project in history, MediSys must have the largest market compared to its competitors.Nature of the market structure The nature of the market for IntensCare product is perfect competition. Perfect competition market is where there are many buyers and sellers so that the action of one trader has no significant tinge on the market price. Perfect competition market is characterized by mobility of the factors of production such that producers can oppose to p rice signals. Valerie Merz, for example, fears of losing the market share for to the forthcoming product, which are scheduled for release within the year (Donnellon and Margolis 1). Valerie is thinking(prenominal) and seek to maximize utility and profits this is the feature of a perfect competition market.The marketing depart is interested in distributing and selling the product. Valerie Merz, the marketing manager was under pressure as she reviewed the agenda of the run into intended for IntensCare product development team.

Motivation In The Workplace Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Motivation In The Work hindquarters - Essay ExampleFor managers to set effective motivation strategies, they unavoidableness to understand that they cannisternot urinate the employees do anything. What they can do is to create the right panoramas that will motivate the runers. make workforces are more productive since motivation infuses positive energy into the organizational tasks. Motivation is applicable to the open-system perspectives, the organizational learning perspectives the high-performance work practices perspectives, and the stakeholder perspectives. The high-performance work practices perspectiveWorkplace motivation is a very(prenominal) complex issue to many managers since the system of motivation is not constant, but it alters. The workforces motivation can be looked in two perspectives, which includes the internal and external motivators (Stein 2007). All the motivators are the practices, which can lead to high performances in a corporate. Some of the motivat ors entail the positive wages, right shipway to discipline the workers, fair treatment, workers needs satisfaction, setting of closings, restructuring jobs, and setting the best reward systems (Stein 2007). Fair treatmentThe leaders of organizations should ensure that all individuals are treat fairly and equally. Fair treatment will motivate employees to partake actively in the work place tasks, and this augments their performance (Podmoroff 2005). Fair treatment augments cooperation, which increases the outputs too. If the managers treat the workers fairly, it will increase their loyalty to the organization. Workers loyalty is very bouncy in any smashed since it makes the workers committed to their tasks. For example, an organization is fair when an employer asks for a special consideration and he, or she is denied because another employee was denied some times back. In addition, fairness in a firm can be shown when an employee who always comes to work on time daily, is not t reated the same as the one who comes to work when late every day (Podmoroff 2005). Setting organizational goals In all companies, the leaders should sett goal so that the performance of the workforce is escalated. The goals are vital since the workers will know what they need to produce and this can make them to devise new ways of production. terminals are effective in raising performance in particular if they are difficult but easy to attain. Too difficult goals can demoralize the employees and this can make the performances suffer. In order to ensure that the workers are motivated by the goals and to increase their commitment, the managers should ensure that the workforces accept the goals. Goal setting is a useful way of motivating employees because the workers will work towards the set goals in a motivated way. For goal setting to be effective in motivating the workforce, the leaders should ensure that they on a regular basis give feedbacks regarding the achievements. This is vital since the workers will be convinced that the goals they set are practicable. Additionally, the goals should be very special and not vague or too general. For those workers who have realized their set goals, they should be recognized by rewarding them to further motivate them. The realization of goals implies that the workers performances have increased (Salvendy 2012, p.413). Positive reinforcement Positive reinforcement is the way a firm strengthens the desirable behaviours by rewarding them. If the corporate leaders praise the workforce for behaving in certain ways, there are high chances the workers will continue behaving in the same ways so that they can get more praises. Positive reinforcement is vital in increasing the firms performance. If behaving in certain ways can make the organization realize its goals faster, the leaders of

Currently Israel controls Palestinian water, what rights does Israel Research Paper

Currently Israel controls Palestinian urine, what rights does Israel guide to manage urine crucially needed or the Palestinian people - Research Paper Examplerael has recently reconfirmed its determination to implement the decision of the Local Israeli Assembly for Organization and Building to give a put up of land from the Hadera area to build a desalination plant for the benefit of the Palestinian AuthorityThe Palestinian Water Authority (PWA) ... states that the Palestinian side is unwilling to purchase water at such a high cost from sources that are on the Mediterranean Coast and Jordan River, knowing that this water in detail partially belongs to the Palestinians but is inaccessible for them. (EMIS)If the Palestinians do not want water, what is their agenda? The agenda is Palestinians want to let go of Jews from Israel. They believe that Israel should be Palestine, despite the military victories giving Israel more land.The Gaza Strip is a very infinitesimal area of land with a total area of only 360 square kilometers (roughly 150 square miles ed.). It is underlain by a shallow aquifer, which is contiguous with the Israeli Coastal Aquifer to the north. Gaza is the downstream user of the Coastal Aquifer system, and hence water abstraction in Gaza does not affect Israeli water suppliesIn addition, missile strikes and ground incursions have repeatedly damaged and destroyed pipelines, and maintenance personnel have been arrested, shot at, or even killed whilst seek to carry out repairsInadequate sewage treatment infrastructure and damage to wastewater and drinking water pipelines has allowed sewage water to contaminate drinking water supplies, leading to sharp increases in water borne diseases in many areasFailure to control over-pumping has led to sea-water intrusion into the aquifer to the extent that, in 2003, only 10 % of the rise up produced water of World Health Organization (WHO) drinking water standards. (Gray)For another, Israel has never h elped itself to water beneath Palestinian lands. Israel obtains roughly 50 percent of its water from the Sea of Galilee and the Coastal Aquifer, both

Organized Crime and Kentucky Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 1

Organized Crime and Kentucky - Research Paper ExampleWhen considering organized in the United States, one often hears a discussion centering around the abhorrence families of New York, Philadelphia, and Chicago. In fact, much is know about the organized criminal elements throughout history in these major cities. We can trace their development, origin, and pull in at various sociological theories to explain away their existence. Less is understood, however, about the reality that organized crime has also flourished throughout the rural areas of America during the course its relatively young existence. Kentucky is certainly a seemly example of this. We know, for example, those criminal elements are not only a part of the states history, but that organized groups move to develop in Kentucky throughout the 1940s and 50s.Such organizations became a central part of society in the areas of Newport and Covington. Sociologists have long been interested in studying the perplexity that wo uld create the need for such organized crime. What has been discovered is that individuals will typically continue to seek out access to those activities that are either deemed immoral by the government or taboo by current the current standards and mores of society. Examples of these, common during the Kentucky of the 40s and 50s, include unlawful gambling activities, bootleg liquor, prostitution services, and a host of others. The history of Kentucky is certainly layering with various groups that have sought-after(a) to capitalize on these areas of gambling and vice.

Quasi-Experimental Designs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Quasi-Experimental Designs - Essay ExampleS., (1992). Sex Differences in Performance on the Mathematics Section of the scholastic Aptitude Test A Bidirectional Validity Study. Harvard Educational Review. Vol. 62(3), pp. 323-337. Reason for choice Studies like these atomic number 18 part of classic literature on abilities and on psychological testing. The study also provides support for the urban legend that boys (males) are better at mathematics as compared to girls (females). This study also provides a ameliorate example for understanding quasi-experimental envisions, since the selection of subjects in each group can be randomised abruptly but the actual manipulation of the In bloodsucking variable is impossible. Variables The independent variable for this study is the sex of the participant, and the dependent variable is the score obtained by the participant on the mathematics section of the SAT. Alternate research design The same study results would be more valuable if the e ffect of study background was removed. This can be done by using a measuring the extent to which the subject has studied mathematics or mathematics dependent subjects in the two years before giving the exam and then removing the effect of this variable from the data by using an Analysis of Co-Variance.

London millennium bridge Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

London millennium bridge - Essay ExampleLondon millennium nosepiece London Millennium couple links the city of London with the Bankside. Its 330m steel bridge oer the river Thames and is 330m long. Its the first bridge that was built across the Thames River in London since the opening of the Tower Bridge (1894). Another special feature about the bridge is that is the first uninteresting only bridge. The city is conjugated near the St Pauls Cathedral with the Tate Modern art gallery on the Bankside. The bridge officially opened on 10th June 2000 and was immediately closed after being open for 2 days as it swayed alarmingly. The proceeding was not expected to be so great and this led to a lot of criticism of the project. The protracted research took place on the heading and the bridge was reopened again after modifications to the original design on 22 February 2002. Since, then it has not had any troubles and today is one of the study attractions of London attracting thousands of pedestrians and tourists every day. The Millennium Bridge is a simple concept which has been given shape via an extensive and complex design. Findings of the come off The criticism views the Bridge in 2 stagecoachs. First phase is before the reopening of the bridge in 2002 (after numerous modifications were made) and the sanction is after the reopening immediately after the opening and the 2 years that it was closed. The review terms the first phase as a complete failure due to the following(a) reasons It did not meet the criteria of a prospered project It was not completed on time It overshot the initial budget The final carrefour was not of the best quality and had to be redesigned Extra funds had to be raised in distinguish to do the modifications The review terms the second phase as a success due to the following reasons There is no wobbling and meets all the technical requirements It leaved up to the expectations It has contributed and generated revenue through touri sm It has created jobs as it has opened up new business opportunities in the surrounding area Response to the Review Even though the findings of the review are accurate and based on quality research, it does not publication into consideration all the factors into consideration before terming it as an initial failure. Yes the fact that the engineers failed to come up with a design that could have predicted the wobbling and make necessary modification cannot be ignored. But this kind pedestrian effect on the bridge was unpredictable. As in that location hadnt been any previous recordings that had caused such major effects (Zasky, 2011). Also in that respect are numerous other factors that need to be considered. Prior to this, there hadnt been much literature on the lateral vibration of a bridge. Even though there were numerous instances where lateral vibration was observed, it was not given much attention and hence was not merged into bridge building codes (Newland, n.d.). Example s of other bridges that have registered lateral vibration are Auckland Harbour avenue Bridge, Groves Suspension Bridge and Birmingham NEC Link Bridge. The research that has gone into finding a solution for the chore has lead to new literature on the topic and this will be used as benchmark for all the future projects. As mentioned above numerous other bridges, which are different in design and technology to that of London Millennium Bridge, that have vibrated due to the load of the crowd have come to gay (Newland, 2003). Project manager of the Bridge said,

Andidal olonization in Diabetic Patients Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Andidal olonization in diabetic Patients - Essay ExampleAs a result, there are infections that opportunistic and attack the host in colonies. In comparison to the effect of these infections on normal healthy individuals, the effect on diabetic individuals is adverse. unwritten candidiasis is an infection that attacks individuals invaded by the fungus Candida albicans (Barnes, 2006). This infection occurs in colonies and the rigorousness of their spread in blood differs with individuals. The set is higher in diabetic individuals as compared to normal individuals.The research utilizes the cytological techniques of oral exfoliation in data collection. Two establish samples with a definite sample population are demarcated (Barnes, 2006). The two test samples are normal individuals and diabetic individuals. The test involves tallying of the age and gender of the two test samples for a parking lot base (Pallavan et al, 2014). The research is ethically undertaken with the underlying acc ord of the sample inhabitants is a study demand. A brief medical history for the individuals provides the basis for exclusion. The individual with rare deficiencies, other endocrine disorders immunodeficiency, and chronic ailments are left hand out the sample population list.The mucosa linings of the mouth commonly emit the test sample. The reagent, which is the Periodic loony toons Schiff, depicts the degree of the annexation of the verbalized candidiasis (Barnes, 2006). The microscope helps in the examination of the prevailing oral candidiasis colonies. nether specific test parameters, the result analysis employs statistical techniques to draw out test patterns. The underlying method acting commonly used is the Chi-square test. The Chi-square test shows major variations in the oral candidiasis colonies for diabetic and normal individuals (Pallavan et al, 2014).

Comparing and Contrasting 2B or not 2B and Digital Media in Changing Research Paper - 1

analyse and Contrasting 2B or not 2B and Digital Media in Changing Language - Research Paper modelingIn fact, school texting has been confirmed to be one of the leading activities that have generated a lot of revenue for nearly telecommunication companies around the globe. Easy access to mobile phones to youths and school going students and pupils has seen increased use of text messages. This has raised concerns and has even led to debates on the issue of texting and how it would affect learners ability to indicate and write. Teachers and other experts in the field of education would want to know whether the use of text as a form of communication improves or negatively affects the literacy skills of the learner. Some people including authors have condemned texting and even gone an excess mile termed it as a digital virus. Texting has been associated with the invention of and access to mobile phones and personal computers with,n the past 20 years. This writes up looks at some of the reasons as to why texting has been condemned by various people and some of the devices facilitating its proliferation inwardly the young generation. In relation to 2B or not 2B, texting has been seen as an innovation that is destroying the English language. In fact, it has been comprehend as an aspect that not only savages sentences but also rapes vocabulary in English. In extension to this, some writers say that texting encompasses poor spellings, hides dyslexia and is a clear indication of mental laziness in those victimization texts as a form of communication. People who employ texting as a form of communication guess use of abbreviations, digits and even shortened words. Some authors and writers have seen no novelty in these aspects. They oppose texting because they swear that some of its aspects are meaningless and can be understood by people of one generation. An specimen of this is the use of texting in among the youths who are conversant with some of the texts ut ilize. On the other hand, parents and the older generation whitethorn not be able to connect some of the numbers, words or even short forms used to get the right meaning of the text.

Critique on Dead Aid by Dambisa Moyo Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Critique on Dead Aid by Dambisa Moyo - Essay ExampleDambisa Moyo has an transcendent background on the African economy, since she has degrees from prominent learning institutions such as Harvard and Oxford. She has withal worked in major(ip) organization globally such as World Bank and Goldman Sachs (Collier, 2009). The concept of the book is accepted because it has striking information. The summary of the research question of the argument, and theoretical framework of the Dead Aid is aptly analyzed. The internal digest of Moyos book is examined in details by stating the type and eminence of secernate used. Lastly, a password on the in locate of the book to the larger debates on Globalization is discussed aptly. Part 1 Summary of the research Question of the Argument, and Theoretical Framework of the Book The summary of the research questions of the argument and theoretical framework from Moyos Dead Aid is Is foreign promote affecting African economical progression negativel y? The elementary argument shows whether foreign aid set for Africa has failed, secondly, whether it has accelerated poverty in the African continent. Finally, it recommends other well-grounded ways of improving economic development instead of relying on foreign aid. The book discusses whether foreign aid granted to African countries has caused monumental injury, which damages the intended sectors such as political and monetary to be sustained. Part 2 Internal critical evaluation of the book type of evidence used, quality of the evidence Case selection & how well does the evidence support the argument? The suit of clothes selection of the book affirms how Moyo states causes and effects of foreign aid in African states. She tries to uncover the real truth to the world, which shows the failure of western countries to pitch extra efforts in finding other alternatives of making Africas economy stable and strong, despite the occurrence that their intentions of offering the donatio ns are constructive. Thus, Dead Aid argument uncovers the ideological myth of aid as the effect reasons for the underdevelopment of African states and the undermining the moral principle that makes granting of foreign aid as a political and ethical imperative. The case selection of the book tries to expose the failures of foreign aid in improving the economic status of Africa by stating the historical ascription of aid (Moyo, 2009). She states various methods western countries used to give out foreign aid as a tactical maneuver throughout the Cold War period. She also states the practical inefficiencies of discussion the huge sum of foreign money by leaders in the economically deprived countries. She also blames the defective structure of aid that is implemented by countries, which has failed to bring economical change to African states. In her book, she highlights the growth rates of 5% and the high rankings of African stock exchange as evidences to show how the economy has bette r in the states in some instances. These are some of the evidence and strengths of Dead Aid that approves the argument put across. Nonetheless, Moyo emphasizes by stating that Africa will continue to be the same, despite the positive shown and depicted by the progress of economic status. Another issue she brings to light is that individuals from African states will continue to remain in the same little condition, as long as it receives foreign aid from diverse western counties. She illustrates the current condition in

HRM - Summary post Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

HRM - Summary post - Essay ExampleThe L&D strategies need to be clear and must mention the learning outcomes whilst promoting the self-esteem of employees. Currently, my focus arranging has an effective L&D strategy. Within their budget they have created opportunities of learning via classroom sittings, seminars and various business enterprise rotations so an employee fully understands and learns different aspects of his job and his role within the organization. As effective as it is, the terrestrial routine often leads the employees to be strayed. The continuous office routine incorporated with lengthy seminar and classroom session sometimes seem meaningless to the employees. Job rotations too are difficult to manage and incorporate. On the other hand learning from everyday activities or incidental learning must be incorporated in the strategy for a better training. Make the training fun so the employees wish to learn and excel. Providing incentives at the end of training sessio n would optimize the employees performance. The employees must be sent on range for some practical knowledge and must be trained to implement these details when they return to the

The study of criminology Essay Example for Free

The study of criminology EssayCriminology is the scientific study of wickedness, criminals, criminal fashion, and the criminal justice system. In the United States, it is taught chiefly in departments of criminology and criminal justice of colleges and universities. Criminologists study factors related to crime. Research in criminology involves palm much(prenominal) as sociology, psychology, and psychiatry.Law enforcement greatly depends on criminology. Often, the best method of treating offenders and ways to prevent crime are determined by criminologists.There are different things to study in criminology. Most criminological research examines environmental conditions. Others concentrate on the connection between crime and biological factors such as brain structure and chemical imbalances. And some other(prenominal)s emphasize peoples emotions and motives. Some study the ways which individuals learn criminal behavior through association with people.Criminologists in addit ion study penology, which is the science of penalization and treatment of offenders. They try to make punishment more authentic than ever, bringing people to trial quickly, imposing fair sentences, and providing adequate prisons.Criminologists use a wide variety of research techniques. Statistics are often used to study the crime rate and the characteristics of criminals. Criminologists ensure relationships between crime rates and certain physical or social conditions. For example, such studies may set up that the crime rate increases when poverty and unemployment rise. Criminologists generally use statistics compiled by government agencies. Criminology is extremely important in determine numerous factors in trials. It played many important roles in the recent OJ Simpson murder trial.Criminologists besides use statistics to learn about personality traits or social conditions that are more common among criminals than other people. Researchers usually compare a group of criminals with a group of non-criminals who are similar to the lawbreakers in near ways. Differencesbetween the two groups can be measured in this manner. Any personality trait or social condition that occurs more frequently among criminals maybe one of many causes of criminal behavior.Case studies is another technique criminologists use. In a case study, a criminologist examines all the personality traits and social conditions that affect one criminal. The researcher studies the persons family history, environment, physical condition, psychological state, and many other characteristics. All these details help determine how certain conditions produce criminal behavior in an individual. Some case studies are conducted on certain groups of criminals, such as rapists or juvenile gangs. A criminologist may use the results of a case history to cook out a theory about the development of criminal behavior.Most criminologists have university training in criminal justice, sociology, psychology, ps ychiatry. or related areas. Requirements vary for a career, but most criminologists have a master or doctors degree. Many of these experts conduct research and reach criminology at universities and colleges. Many social workers are utilize in the general area of criminology. Parole and probation officers must have a knowledge of criminology. Personnel trained in criminology also work in crime prevention programs and in the treatment of offenders. Lawyers, judges, and prison superintendents also should have some knowledge of criminology.In the United States, the major professional organization for criminologists is the American hunting lodge of Criminology, which was founded in 1941.

Walmart Winning Strategy Essay Example for Free

Walmart pleasant Strategy EssayWal-Mart Stores, Inc. operates retail stores in various formats around the world, aggregated into three reportable separates (1) the Wal-Mart U.S. segment (2) the Wal-Mart International segment and (3) the Sams Club segment. We are committed to saving people currency so they can live better. We earn the trust of our customers every day by providing a full(a) assortment of quality merchandise and services at every -day diminished prices (EDLP) while fostering a culture that rewards and embraces mutual respect, integrity and diversity. EDLP is our pricing philosophy under which we price items at a low price every day so our customers trust that our prices will not change under frequent promotional activity. Our fiscal year ends on January 31. Wal-Mart Stores Inc. is the largest retail company in the United States and has been ranked fig one on the Fortune 500 Index by Fortune Magazine. Wal-Mart has four parts to their somatic strategy. Wal-M art is dominant in the Retail Market.Wal-Mart has expansion in the U.S. and International Market. Wal-Mart has a creation of positive stain and company Recognition. Wal-Mart is able to branch out into new sectors of retail. Wal-Marts public affairs strategy must work to make implementation of these policy goals happen. Its public affairs strategy enables the company to move into otherwise sectors of the marketplace and expand into foreign countries. The public affairs strategy also involves gaining access to politicians who can attend Wal-Mart achieve its goals. Wal-Mart has a very active Political Action Committee that gives almost a bum million dollars annually. While Wal-Marts public affairs strategy works well with its corporate strategy. We obtain that there are a few recommendations which could make the company work better. Recently, Wal-Mart has been criticized for their opposition to allowing their employees to be unionized.Wal-Mart involve to clarify their reasons fo r their opposition to unionization. The public affairs strategy must also address the negative feelings harbored by some groups who feelthat Wal-Mart is encroaching into far too many other sectors retail than it should. These concerns must be addressed if Wal-Mart is to enjoy continued success in creating positive name recognition. The mission of Wal-Mart is to serve their members with hard advocacy, quality information, and responsive member services. Their vision is to continue building on our unique position, the only query association serving an international membership. Effective strategy incorporates a view from the customer and stakeholder perspective, and includes an understanding of customer needs, product and service characteristics, desired relationships and the desired corporate image that the organization wants to portray.Referencehttps//www.walmart.comhttps//www.balancedscorecard.org

Liberalism Notes Essay Example for Free

resistantism Notes Essay* Mainstream western philosophy. Other philosophies define themselves in relation to all-embracingism.* Evolution everyplace time, though constant stress on individual freedom. Intellectual antecedents ar 16th century religious reformations, seventeenth century scientific transmutation and 18th century Enlightenment. 8th/nineteenth century industrialisation piddled refreshful class interests with commission to reform programme so term liberalism dates from primal nineteenth century.* swelledism a reply to 19th century absolutist regimes hence inextricably bound up with national self-determination. Movements for national freedom/unity associated with demands for polite/ form _or_ system of government-making rights and for constitutional checks on government. Contrast with Britain, w present parliamentary sovereignty established in 17th century hence liberal domestic programme cogitateed on other objectives much(prenominal) as parliament ary reform, religious toleration and free trade in.* 19th century continental liberalism primarily a semipolitical creed and even in Britain the centrality of free food commercialises to liberalism has been exaggerated. puritanic liberalism stood for political reform at main office and put up for constitutional/national movements abroad. Inspired more by religion (radical nonconformism) than by scotchs. Indeed from 19th century British liberalism repudiated laisser-faire and accepted need for nominate intervention (New barrenism) especially in hearty welf ar.* castigate of Liberal Party in 20th century, solely asc annulancy of liberal ideas. Dominant orthodoxy until late mid-seventies was derived from New Liberalism separatenes and Beveridge marked mop up of New Liberal thinking. Challenge to consensus came principally from an older free market version of liberalism i.e. neo-liberalism. Battle of ideas post 1945 slight between odd and right than between old and forward-looking liberalism.* Today liberal has different meanings in different places UK Liberals/Liberal Democrats long seen as centre/left of centre in EU liberalism normally associated with the right in USA a term of cry out for radical- come outive (crypto- affectionateist) ideas label also associated with free market advocates (Hayek, Friedman, New proper). And almost all mainstream ideologies can be regarded as variants of liberalism.* Liberal value/ideas of vital historical importance central to failment of British political usageUNDERLYING ASSUMPTIONS AND VALUES OF LIBERALISM* Hall (1986) describes liberals as open-minded, tolerant, rational, freedom-loving people, sceptical of the claims of tradition and established authority, exactly powerfully affiliated to the values of liberty, competition and individual freedom. 19th century liberalism stood for individualism in politics, civil and political rights, parliamentary government, moderate reform, limited responsib ility intervention, and a private enterprise economy. Widespread agreement over see liberal ideas/values though not over their posterior development and interpretation.* Key assumption is individualism. Individuals ( kind of than nations/races/classes) are the starting point. Society an aggregate of individuals social behaviour explained in terms of approximately basic assumptions closely human psychology. many liberal thinkers saw society as an artificial creation prior kingdom of nature where neither society nor government existed. Implication that society and government were purpose securey created by individuals in pursuit of their knowledge self-centeredness. So no social interests beyond the interests of individuals who make up society.* Individuals pursue their suffer self-interest rationally. No-one else (especially rulers) can determine the individuals own interest. Optimistic assumption that the general pursuit of rational self-interest will produce not only(pr enominal) individual satisfaction entirely also social progress and the cheer of the greatest number.* Freedom the key value individuals must be free to pursue their own self-interest (Mill). Originally this had a negative interpretation i.e. importance of freedom from external constraint. In proto(prenominal) history of liberalism this entailed firm limits on power of government to interfere with individual liberty. An important application was formula of toleration applied especially to religious belief championed by Locke (1689) Mill (1859) went on to demand full freedom of idea and expression. later some liberals stressed freedom to enjoy certain benefits (positive liberty) thus entailing coarse say intervention to enlarge freedom (Green (1881) and Hobhouse (1911) and Berlin (1975)). Conflict between positive and negative views of freedom (and divergent implications) a study theme in the development of liberalism in 20th century.* Influence of egalitarian assumpti ons. So stress on equality forwards the lawfulness, and equal civil and political rights (though little agreement on what these should be in come). Some liberals thus justify state provision of education et al to create greater equality of prospect. still this commitment generally accompanied by acceptance of considerable contrariety of income and wealth so in practice equality sacrificed to liberty?* Freedom entails the freedom to be nonequivalent? nevertheless liberals deny that individual liberty is inconsistent with social justice. Self-seeking individualism, yes just now equation of great power and right, no. Squaring of circle attempt to make justice consistent with pursuit of rational self-interest (Rawls, 1971). Implies approving view of human nature and thus scope for reconciling individual and collective goals. then liberalism differs here from traditional conservatism (more pessimistic n early(a) human nature) and socialism (deny reconciliation can be q uick achieved)SUMMARY OF THE HISTORICAL WHIG-LIBERAL TRADITION* 17th century Puritanism and Parliamentarism* Late 17th/18th century The Whig customs duty Glorious Revolution (Locke), constitutional crowned heady, government by consent, division of powers, religious toleration (Charles James Fox), oligarchy, mercantilism.* Late 18th/early 19th century Radicalism revolution (Paine), rationalism, rights of man.* Classical liberalism (metalworker) Individualism (Malthus), free markets (Ricardo), utilitarianism (Bentham), representative land ( James Mill).* Mid 19th/later 19th century Victorian Liberalism Manchester liberalism (Cobden), nonconformism (Bright), free trade (Gladstone), nationalism (Mill), municipal gospel (Joseph Chamberlain).* Late 19th century/early 20th century New Liberalism (T.H.Green) social reform (Hobhouse), state intervention (Hobson), liberal imperialism (Edward Grey), national efficiency (Asquith), constitutional reform (Lloyd George).* 1920s to mid-se venties Decline of Liberal Party but liberal liberal consensus (Keynes, Beveridge).* Late 20th century/early 21st century Liberal revival? (Steel) European Union (Ashdown), devolution (Kennedy).THE WHIG TRADITION* Whig companionship in 17th century opposed royal absolutism and championed religious dissent support for rights of parliament and for limits on royal power. Influence of Locke (1632-1704) belief in natural rights to life, liberty and property government should rest on consent of governed, whose rebellion was justified if their rights were infringed. Need for constitutional limits on government, and division between legislative and executive director powers ideas enshrined (imperfectly) in British Constitution post 1688 Glorious Revolution, and later helped to inspire French and American Revolutions.* Contradictions in Whiggism. Defence of material interests aristocrats and merchant/banking allies sought to preserve own power, property, privileges from threat of cr own. No line for massive 18th century wealth/income inequalities. And no wish to spread power beyond the propertied, so constitution they developed/defended was oligarchic/conservative. Fortunes made out of war, slave trade, India. Enclosure of land at put down of rural poor ruth slight enforcement of game laws.* Radical interpretation of Whiggism also no gross without delegacy (slogan of parl. resister to the Stuarts) also became cry of American colonies. 1776 Declaration of Independence found on Whig principles French revolution welcomed by most Whigs Whig leader Charles James Fox defended its principles/championed civil liberties in England (until death in 1806).* push through of office, 1783-1830, so able to proclaim continued attachment to peace, retrenchment and reform unsuccessful parl. repair bills, 1797 and 1810. Some credit claimed for abolition of slave trade, term traditional Whig demand for religious toleration reaffirmed in support for Catholic emancipation .* Defection of Old Whigs and accommodation within Foxite remnant of companionship of new radical generation, committed to reform, helped to preserve/reestablish a politically progressive Whig tradition that ultimately merged into liberalism. 1832 Reform represent the culmination of the Whig tradition yet under(a)lines its essentially conservative nature very modest franchise flank (some of the propertied middle classes). Yet new urban centres gained at the depreciate of the shires manufacturing/commerce at the expense of land. Whig aristocrats ultimately lost see to urban-based business and professional middle classes (the muscle behind Victorian liberalism), though Whigs remained an important, if diminishing, element within the Liberal coalition until the late 19th century. (An antidote to those who view liberalism almost altogether in terms of free markets neglects the Whig foundations).* The Whig-Liberal tradition is essentially a political tradition, concerned with c onstitutional issues/civil liberties/parl. sovereignty/ government by consent/freedom of conscience and religious observance/no taxation without representation. Whiggism served economic interests but never really an economic doctrine not about free trade/markets. Foreign trade policy in 17th/18th centuries mercantilist aimed to secure (through colonisation, Navigation Acts and war) the largest possible British share of world trade.RADICALS* Radical reformers at different times, interwoven with or opposed to Whig tradition influence on both(prenominal) liberalism and socialism. Radicalism a broad term, with different connotations for different periods, yet huge influence on British liberalism and 19th century Liberal party.* Paine (1737-1809) never absorbed into the Whig (later Liberal) establishment argued that once sovereignty had been convertred from the monarch to the people, there was no logical systemal case for restricting the franchise his ideas the logical outcome of Whig slogans. Paine a liberal? (uncompromising individualism, sympathies with manfacturers, hostility to government). Or a socialist? (Blueprint for the well-being call down, support for graduated income tax, inspiration for Chartists). More restore in USA/France than in Britain seen as dangerous due to uncompromising republicanism, total opposition to contagious principle, rejection of Christianity.* Philosopher radicals (or utilitarians) such(prenominal) as Bentham were in touch with progressive Whigs Whitbread and Brougham constituted the progressive advanceg of the parl. party. Cobbetts radical populism harked approve to pre-industrial age Bright (Quaker manufacturer) belonged to new generation of post 1832 MPs himself displaced by new breed of radicals who took over the Liberal party in latter part of 19th century.* Radical pressure reinforced Whig commitment to parliamentary reform in 1832, and later. Association with religious dissent in 2nd half of 19th century imbu ed it with strong moral character fuelled demands for non-denominational state education and C of E disestablishment. Also strongly associated with the municipal gospel in local government. Fusion of Whigs and radicals with former Peelites created Liberal Party, 1859. Whigs continued to dominate Liberal Cabinets, but radicals dominated increasingly important grass roots level, especially after 1859 formation of the topic Liberal fusion.* Yet it was a relatively restrained, religiously exalt, and peculiarly British strand of radicalism which eventually prevailed rather than the fiercely rationalist, republican radicalism of Paine.CLASSICAL ECONOMICS AND UTILITARIANISM* Intellectual (rather than moral) influence on Victorian liberalism of classical economists and utilitarians. Smith (1732-90), Malthus (1766-1834) and Ricardo (1772-1823) established importance of markets in the allocation/distribution of resources. And Benthams (1748-1832) utility principle was applied to a total range of institutions/practices fiercely rationalist analysis (What use is it?). The greatest happiness of the greatest number was the only right and proper end of government.* Both stemmed from the 18th century Enlightenment both shared out the individualist/rationalist assumptions underpinning liberalism each tended to share the implications of the others approach. Mill had a foot in both camps.* But modern neo-liberals argue it is only Smith and Hume (18th century Scottish Enlightenment) who represent the true spirit of liberalism. Bentham et al are blamed for ideas which provided a warrant for much later illiberal interventionist policy (Gray, 1986). The greatest happiness principle is seen as a breach of free market economics, since the principle of representative commonwealth (advocated by Mill who converted Bentham) powerfulness involve electoral pressures for interference with free market forces moreover, neo-liberals are opposed to Benthams advocacy of bureaucracy, and thus the appointment of qualified, salaried public officials.The contradictory implications of Benthamite thinking are seen in the utilitarian-influenced execrable Law Amendment Act (1834) the able-bodied poor must enter a workhouse where their condition would be less eligible than that of the lowest independent grinder (free market incentives) at the same time theAct required a comprehensive network of administrative areas and officials, and a large degree of central control and inspection (bureaucracy).* Hence modern neo-liberals are critical of Benthams constructivist rationalism (Hayek, 1975) Gray (1986) claims that it had an inherent tendency to spawn policies of interventionist social engineering. Their refusal to live Bentham as a liberal involves an artificial conception of liberalism which has little in common with the Whig/Liberal tradition.* The major classical economists contributed significantly to Victorian liberalism, but their ideas were extensively vulgarised. E ven Smith allowed for significant exceptions to his invisible hand. Popularisers such as Harriet Martineau, Edward Baines and Samuel Smiles reduced the principles of classical economics to individualism (for governments) and self-help (for individuals). Public policy, moreover, was never consistently governed by capitalistic look at the various Factory Acts, Public Health Acts and Acts to regulate the railways and banks passed in the early Victorian period.VICTORIAN LIBERALISM* Although the term liberal was applied from the early 19th century, the Liberal Party emerged only in the 1850s from a party realignment of Whigs, radicals and Peelite Conservatives. Gladstone (1809-98), originally a Con. follower of Peel, the embodiment of Victorian liberalism. Domination of Liberal party, and shaped in his own image he became more radical and democrat with age. Also inspired by Christian moral fervour struck chord among nonconformists. So Gladstonian liberalism a moral fight back (Vince nt, 1966).* Several strands. Parliamentary reform derived from Whig tradition advocacy of Bright, then Gladstone turned it into a populist cause. Proposals for modest franchise extension developed into radical demands for full manhood suffrage. Nonconformist strand while the 1860s parliamentary party was still overwhelmingly Anglican, the Liberals were becoming the party of the nonconformist conscience (Vincent, 1966).Nonconformist pressures spawned the National schooling League (to campaign for a national, free and secular system of education), which provided the model for the National Liberal Federation (1877) which established a national organisation for he Liberal party, and tipped it decisively towards radical nonconformism. By the 1880s the PLP (and the party in the country) was predominantly nonconformist.* Support for liberal and nationalist movements in Europe, especially Italian unification, helped create Palmerstons 1859 government and kept it intact Gladstone campaign ed against the Bulgarian atrocities, bringing him out of premature retreat and into close collaboration with the nonconformists. The religious fervour behind his mission to pacify Ireland both split the party and strengthened the moral element in liberalism.* Manchester liberalism also quite influential in the party after 1859. Free trade was established as a liberal principle. Gladstone, as Chancellor, built on in the first place work of Cobden and Bright (Anti Corn Law League, 1846 repeal of Corn Laws reflected transfer of power from landed to manufacturing interests) by abolishing a range of duties Cobden negotiated Anglo-French trade treaty of 1860. But free trade did not entail laissez-faire in domestic policy Cobdens opposition to Factory Acts increasingly out of tune with the times.* Increased state intervention entailed by liberal practice major reforms in education, the army, the law and civil service, 1868-74. Third Reform Act, 1884 triumph of radical demands over Whi g caution. Chamberlains Unauthorised Programme (1885) and the Newcastle Programme (1891) marked decisive shift towards radicalism.* whole step of change too fast for some Herbert Spencer (1820-1903) combined laissez-faire economics with evolutionary survival of the fittest opposition to most forms of state intervention being introduced by Liberals at national and local level but out of step. By contrast, Mill (1806-73) key transitional figure in evolution of liberalism. The sole end for which mankind are warranted, individually or collectively, in interfering with the liberty of any of their number is self-defence (1859) effectively a plea for minimal state intervention (Mill denounced censorship and argued for full liberty of thought and expression). Yet his commitment to individuality (and advocacy of democracy) caused him to fear the tyranny of the majority and the despotism of custom, seen as a greater threat to individuality than deliberate actions by governments. So a water shed thinker in the development of liberalism from individualism to collectivism (Gray, 1986).LIBERALISM, CAPITALISM AND DEMOCRACY* Liberalism closely associated with rise of industrial capitalism pre-eminently the creed of the owners of industrial/financial capital. Its political objectives focused on the enfranchisement of the new middle classes and the transfer of political power to the major manufacturing urban centres. No coincidence that Liberal party finally emerged in the 1850s when Britains industrial and commercial dominance was unchallenged, and the works classes were ununionised and unenfranchised. Even further back, protestant dissent (and especially puritanism) incorporated ideas preferable to the spirit of capitalist accumulation.* But British liberalism cannot be simply derived from capitalism. The leading Whig MPs, who were still bragging(a) in 19th century Liberal governments, were large landowners many rank and file Liberals were not manufacturers but small sh opkeepers and tradesmen many of the working class were attached to the Liberal cause (even before the vote). In practice liberalism a coalition of class interests. Many of its causes temperance, religious disestablishment, home rule were scarcely connected with the interests of capitalism. tether liberal thinkers Mill, Hobhouse, Keynes, Beveridge gave capitalism only qualified support.* Establishment of capitalist economy accompanied by the gradational establishment of a liberal democratic system no coincidence. Indeed, Marxist view is that rep. democracy offers trump shell for capitalism so hardly surprising that party of the bourgeoisie was at forefront of parliamentary reform movement, though stopping short of support for full rep. democracy. Gray (1986, and a neo-liberal) accounts for this by argue that unlimited democracy cannot be liberal government since it respects no domain of independence or liberty as being immune to invasion by governmental authority.* But repr esentative democracy in early 19th century was largely untried, so not surprising liberals were apprehensive about what was a radical minority cause. Yet Paine advocated full manhood suffrage, and Mill argued for extension to women of full political rights. Once the logic of reform was accepted and liberals became committed to the theory and practice of rep. democracy their conversion was wholehearted, and seen by many (such as Chamberlain) as a justification for abandoning precedent limitations to government intervention.Herbert Samuel (1902) argued a reformed state could be entrusted with social reform Now democracy has been substituted for aristocracy as the root principle of the constitution .the State today is held worthy to be the instrument of the community in many affairs for which the State of yesterday was clearly incompetent.. Acceptance of democracy a critical step towards New Liberalism. Inexorable logic by which liberals progressed from parliamentary reform to repres entative democracy, to state intervention and the apparent abandonment of some of the principles associated with in front liberalism.THE NEW LIBERALISM* Flourished in late 19th/early 20th centuries involved state economic/social reform which repudiated laissez-faire liberalism. Controversial development natural extension and refinement of the old principles OR culmination of anti-liberal elements present in the liberal tradition from the 1840s in the work of Mill. (Socialist critics dismiss NL as a hopeless attempt to revive an outmoded ideology Arblaster, 1984).* Origins of NL? Influence of Hegelian idealism? Party project to win working class support and head off rising force challenge? Need to pass British economy/society and thus to compete more effectively? Or simply a rationalisation of the substantial growth in government intervention that had already occurred?* Key NL thinkers were Green, Hobson and Hobhouse. Green (1836-82) an Oxford philosopher and Hegelian Hobson a n economist who believed under-consumption to be the cause of unemployment Hobhouse (1864-1929) a philosopher/sociologist. Common aim to redefine old liberal values in line with new political practice. So freedom, according to Green, meant a positive power or capa urban center and must be enjoyed by all. Hobson referred to the provision of equal opportunities for self-development so state intervention might be needed to remove obstacles. (But each enlargement of the authority and functions of the State must justify itself as an enlargement of personal liberty, interfering with individuals only in order to set free new and large opportunities). Hobhouse justified interference with the market to secure the right to work and the right to a living wage, given the powerlessness of individual workers to secure such rights.* Liberal politicians were more cautious than the NL ideologues, though were increasingly interventionist, both at national and at local level. Locally, enthusiasm f or civic improvements amounted to a municipal gospel city government seen as a test-bed for policies which could be applied nationally.Chamberlain (1836-1914) a radical Liberal mayor of Birmingham before moving to national politics (later split with Gladstone and allied with the Conservatives) campaign for the Unauthorised Programme (1895) based on LG experience hospitals, schools, museums, libraries, galleries, baths, parks, etc. Explicit rejection of laissez-faire, which was equivalent to acceptance of selfish wealth alongside poverty accepted charge that proposed reforms were in practice socialism. Radical, reforming approach of 1895 UA echoed in 1891 Newcastle programme. At national level, little opportunity to implement the NL programme before the Liberal landslide victory of 1906.* 1906-14 Liberal Government key figures were Asquith and Lloyd George. Welfare reforms include provision of school meals and OAPs, and LGs introduction of national health and unemployment resti tution (1911). LGs 1909 budget involved some modest income/wealth redistribution through the land tax and progressive income tax. And Churchills labour exchanges showed willingness to intervene in the labour market.* Key stimulus was rising challenge of labour historians disagree over electoral appeal of state welfare advocated by leaders of organised working class, but not necessarily popular with working class voters, and frightened many middle class voters. Rosebery (briefly PM post Gladstone) thought Newcastle programme cost the party votes, though his Liberal Imperialism appealed to a chauvinistic working class, while his more modest economic/social reform programme promoted National Efficiency and appealed to progressive businessmen set on competing successfully with the rising economies of Germany, USA and Japan.DECLINE OF THE LIBERAL PARTY AND TRIUMPH OF LIBERALISM?* NL failed to prevent decline of Liberal party. WW1 undermined Liberal internationalism. Pressures towards collectivism/coercion associated with modern warfare created huge strains for Liberal individualism especially on emblematic issue of conscription. And after WW1 many Liberal causes (religious nonconformism, temperance, free trade) seemed less relevant.* Yet the disintegration of the Liberal party signifies the triumph of liberalism .. if liberalism is now partly invisible, this is because so many of its assumptions and ideals have infiltrated political practice and current awareness. (Eccleshall, 1986). closing of liberal thought seen in Beveridges social welfare proposals and in Keynesian economic theory provided root word of the post WW2 ideological consensus. 1942 Beveridge Report based on insurance principle, and was in keeping with spirit of LGs 1911 insurance scheme though much more comprehensive. Keynes economic theory provided for macro government intervention but allowed markets to operate freely at the micro level. Both B and K favoured private ownership of the ope rator of production. It was precisely this kind of state intervention to promote employment and welfare provision which was favoured by earlier NLs like Green and Hobhouse.* Other liberal ideas long absorbed into British culture. mid-sixties changes in the law on divorce, homosexuality and abortion some relaxation of censorship all compatible with Mills 1859 resolve of principles of individual liberty. Later laws on equal pay, equal opportunities, and race and sex discrimination in seventies fully consistent with liberal ideology. Thus a progressive liberal orthodoxy was established, with support from all parties.* bare triumph of economic/social ideas of NL complicated by revival (from 1970s onwards) of the older free market liberalism associated with classical economics. Hence modern use of term liberal requires a qualifying prefix. Hence progressive (or social) liberals advocate penal reform, civil liberties, protection of rights of minorities, freedom of expression, and open government unashamed economic interventionists. Neo-liberals (Hayek, Friedman) favour free market ideas on the right of the political spectrum, with key influence on the New Right and on Thatcherite conservatism.THE IDEAS OF MODERN LIBERALS AND LIBERAL DEMOCRATS* Modest revival in Liberal party fortunes began in 1960s accelerated in mid 1970s given impetus by alliance with SDP in 1983 and 1987 amalgamation to form LDs. Now involved in coalition in Scotland and Wales, have large role in English LG, and 52 MPs after 2001 General Election. Accompanied by revival in associated political ideas.* Policies of Liberals/LDs involve continuation of NL tradition welfare capitalism, with strong stress upon individual rights. Distinctive Liberal policies included early advocacy of UK membership of EU, devolution, incomes policies, partnership in industry, electoral and other constitutional reform, and a focus on the community (linked with Liberal successes in LG).* Postwar Liberal party did little to extend/develop liberalism no startling new ideas or major thinkers. Neither electoral successes nor failures owed much to liberal ideology. Key decisions for leadership have been tactical, not ideological whether to accept Heaths coalition offer in 1974, whether to support the research laboratoryour government after 1977, how to handle the SDP breakaway from Labour in 1981, and how soon to promote a merger with the SDP. In fact, more intellectual ferment among the SDP, and their post -merger remnants. Dividing line between NL and Fabian socialism has everlastingly been thin? Hobhouse talked of liberal socialism in 1911 Hobson joined Labour after WW1. Thinner still avocation revisionist tendencies on the Labour Right in the 1950s, and the SDP breakaway in 1981. Hence the Liberal/SDP Alliance (and later merger) can be seen as the practical expression of an ideological convergence that was already well under way (Behrens, 1989). But ultimately it was the Liberals that sw allowed the SDP, and not the other way round so the modern LDs are the clear lineal descendants of the old Liberal party.* Paradoxically, as fortunes of the Liberals/LDs have risen, LD ideas have become less distinctive. For most of post WW2 period Liberals adopted an intermediate position between Con and Lab. Briefly, in early 1980s, Liberals (and allies) seemed to offer a distinctive middle way between Thatcherism and left wing socialism. Since then Lab has reoccupied the centre foundation previously vacated, leaving the LDs with little ideological space and few distinctive ideas or policies on the management of the economy, constitutional reform, Europe, defence and foreign policy the differences between the LDs and Lab are arguably more of degree than kind.* Under Ashdowns leadership, coalition with Labour seemed logical, even likely, given Blairs keenness to heal the divisions on the centre-left which had left the Cons dominant for most of the 20th century. Coalitions in LG and in the devolved bodies provide continuing impetus but sheer scale of Labs victories in 1997 and 2001 (and resistance within both parties) have weakened the project. LDs have prosecute a more independent and critical line under Kennedy, without yet returning to earlier policy of equidistance between Lab and Con.* Attempts made to articulate a distinctive LD philosophy in these unpromising political circumstances by Wallace (1997), Russell (1999) and Ballard (2000). Yet terminology employed cooperation, working with others, partnership politics, community shared by New Labour and progressive Conservatives. Higher profile of LDs has drawn attention to considerable diversity of views in the party free market liberals, social liberals, conservatives with a social conscience and dissatisfied ex-Labour voters, greens, anarchists . (Ballard, 2000). Shows tolerance and inclusiveness? But not ideological coherence. The real problem is that there is now little distinctive ideological ground for the LDs to occupy, but this underlines the widespread acceptance of liberal ideas across mainstream British political parties.

Determining the position of unknown element X in the Reactivity Series Essay Example for Free

Determining the position of unknown agent X in the Reactivity Series renderTo determine the position of division X in the responsiveness serial publicationHypothesisThe reactivity series is the arrangement of elements according to their reactivity. The most thermolabile element is placed at the precede and the least reactive at the bottom. The elements at the top can displace elements under them from their step upsIn the experiment, element X leave alone either have elements to a greater extent reactive or less reactive or both. Based on this, the position of the unknown element can be found out. Assuming that the element given is not super acid, and so potassium provide displace X from its compound thus we can say that potassium is to a greater extent reactive than X and X is below potassium in the reactivity series. Assuming that bullshit is less reactive than X X bequeath displace copper from its compound. This means that X is high than copper in the reactivity s eries than copper.In the experiment, the enthalpy (temperature) change will likewise fork over how reactive element X is. For example if X is right above Zinc in the reactivity series i.e. element X is aluminium, then the temperature difference among reacting Al with CuSO4 will be more than reacting Al with ZnSO4 or FeSO4. This is because as the distance ( keep down of elements in between between) the elements increases there is more difference in the reactivity level of the selected elements.When ?H (?Heat) is +ve, the reaction taking place is exothermic and when ?H is -ve, the reaction will be endothermic. When the recite of element between the elements reacting is more, then ?H of the reaction will also be more. For example if we take Zinc as element X, then Zinc is more reactive than steer but Zinc is even more reactive than Copper. This is because Copper is further below Lead in the reactivity series. Thus a reaction between Zinc and a Copper compound will be more reactive ( will have a higher ?H) than a reaction between Zinc and Lead.When ?E (?Energy) is +ve, the reaction taking place is endothermic and when ?E is -ve, the reaction will be exothermic. The reason behind the nature of ?H stated previously is the ?E (?Energy) of the reaction. Again more the number of elements between the reactants (according to the Reactivity Series) the lower the value of ?E i.e. more exothermic the reaction is. This is due to the causa of bonds present in various compounds. Taking the pervious example, a reaction between Zinc a Copper compound will give a lower ?E than a reaction between Zinc a Lead compound. Thus such reactions are more apparent.VariablesIndependentThe Metal abstruse utilise to react with Element XThe coat compound used to react with Element X was varied as this variation of the metal will help us determine the position of element X.DependentWhether a reaction takes place or notWhen contrary metal compounds are used, it is not necessary that a reaction takes place every time. The occurrence of a reaction depends on the metal present in the compound used.Energy Change (?E)?E depends on the compound used. In different compounds there are different types of bonds present and also every bond has a different nix level.Enthalpy Change (?H)?H depends on ?E. If ?E is -ve, then the reaction is exothermic if ?E is +ve, then the reaction will be endothermic.ControlledVolume of the Metal Compound takenThe volume of the metal compound taken must be kept constant as varying volumes can affect the last temperature.Size of Element X pillow slipThe size of the strip of Element X must also be kept constant as varying lengths can again affect the final temperature. mechanism1 Strip of Element X7 Test tubes5ml of CuSO45ml of FeSO45ml of MgSO45ml of PbNO35ml of KSO45ml of AgNO35ml of ZnSO4Procedure1. Take a strip of Element X and cut it into 7 equal pieces2. Pour 5ml of CuSO4 into a test tube3. mould a thermometer into one test CuSO4 an d measure the temperature4. Now put a piece of Element X into the test tube and measure ?H5. Repeat Steps 3 4 for FeSO4 MgSO4 PbNO3 KSO4 AgNO3 ZnSO4DiagramsResultsCompound reactionInitial Temperature (C)Final Temperature (C)?H (C)KSO4No21210MgSO4No21210ZnSO4No22220FeSO4No21210PbNO3Yes21222CuSO4Yes22253AgNO3Yes21265Graph interventionThe strip of element X given to us was shiny, this indicates that element X is not very reactive. thermolabile metals such as aluminium usually form a metal oxide layer on top of them thus losing their luster. When Element X was put in sulphate of potassium (which is a clear resultant role), the solution remained clear, and the piece of Element X also remained shiny thus indicating no reaction. Element X behaved as well for sulphates of Magnesium, Zinc Iron.A piece of Element X into PbNO3, after a lot of time, the solution started to incur cloudy (white precipitate), indicating a reaction. In this reaction the ?H was +1C.In CuSO4, the piece of Elem ent X was deposited with black precipitate all over. Also the solution becomes lighter blue as compared to the pure CuSO4(aq). It was a very slow process.In AgNO3, the solution turned cloudy (black) immediately after suspending the piece of Element X.If we observe the table below carefully, we notice that Element X did not react with K, Mg, Zn and Fe. exclusively it reacted with Pb, Cu Ag. This means that element X is Sn because the reactivity series goes as follows K, Na, Ca, Mg, Al, Zn, Fe, Sn, Pb, Cu, Ag, Au.Compound chemical EquationEnergy Equation?EKSO4(aq)MgSO4(aq)ZnSO4(aq)FeSO4(aq)Pb(NO3)2(aq)CuSO4(aq)AgNO3(aq)As I stated in my hypothesis, that the further aside the elements are (in the Reactivity Series) the lower the ?E is. This means that the reactions are more apparent (vigorous) and also more heat is produced in such reactions.ConclusionFrom this experiment, I reason that the Element X given to me is below Iron and above Lead in the reactivity series i.e. the element is Tin. I also intermit that the further apart the elements are (in the Reactivity Series) the higher the ?H and lower the ?E. I also conclude that such reactions are more reactive (apparent) as compared to those between element with a lower number of elements between them.EvaluationIn this experiment, if the mass of element X would have been measured and then used for reactions the reactions would have been more accurate and reliable.

Effects of the use of web-based tools in Blended Learning Essay Example for Free

Effects of the use of weathervane- found tools in Blended Learning EssayTechnology has do a deep impact on all aspects of human lives ranging from communion to study and enhancing individual per constellationance. The formulaic classroom is slowly being replaced by computer based training and online scholarship environments that has penetrated remote corners of the clod via the Internet. The use of data and communication technologies in education has transformed traditional methods of skill and article of faith practices.The modify learning environment offered by the online medium has great potentials and skunk influence the learning process to a considerable extent. Technology has been a great enabler of transforming and re-defining the way a agreement operates and the wide transition of practises that it rouse support. Many web based learning environments use innovative technologies that run through revolutionized the learning process everywhere the past few years. Distance learning through the use of collaborative tools and technologies available has made evidential splitthroughs in the field of learning.In the past few decades a number of tools and technologies bring forth emerged that has enabled the users to adopt exceed learning courses and training departments argon using it to provide cost effective means of implementing learning and ripening programs for their employees spread across the globe. The online learning environment is supported by various types of tools that provide high direct of interactivity and collaborative features enabling participants to transfigure messages, files, videos and presentations.This kind of technology is to a greater extent(prenominal) and more being used in a wide range of applications ranging from facilitating electronic discussion betwixt students to enabling distance learning programs through web conferencing. The revolution in communication and instruction technology has had a pro found effect on the teaching and learning process. The change is visible in developing learning communities online. Most of the countries and even developing economies ar stressing on the use of computers as an instructional medium.E learning encompasses a wide variety of tools and technologies that can be used to stimulate the learning process in an individual. With the help of this technology a variety of online learning services ar made available ranging from online searches, tutorials, college courses, and professional courses to professional training and individual suppuration programs. The E learning model adopts high level of audio and video interaction integrated with art and animation tool to present the learning module in an attractive format.Educational institutions and business organizations are more and more adopting the e learning model for learning and training purposes. E learning is being increasingly used as a solution for delivering online learning regardless of physical locations or time constraints. The unanimous world has become an increasingly connected global community that can share ideas and exchange information through the Internet.More people across the globe are turning towards the latest technology gadgets that have made communication channels smoother and faster. It has proved to be a big resource for individuals who would handle to learn a new skill or train themselves in new fields date pursuing their current employment. Hence, E learning field has provided new and better learning opportunities extending its reach beyond university campus and corporate learning centres. Blended learning an overviewBlended learning has been described as a phrase introduced by the distance learning community in recognizing the value of coincident learning activities, like guinea pig to face interactions with instructors and collaborative work with peers, as complements to activities performed a synchronally by individual learners (How ard et al. , 2006). The blended learning system includes some(prenominal) web based learning and traditional classroom learning environment. The web based learning system provides the students with self paced learning modules that they can pursue at leisure and convenience depending on their learning capacity.This learning environment in any case provides E learning tools that enable live discussions and online learning programs. The conventional classroom settings are used to clarify doubts and queries regarding the course content and student progress. An effective learning environment facilitates interaction between the learners that increases the scope to exchange ideas and opinions, share experiences and assess their level of understanding on the subject matter.A classroom environment provides this kind of face to face interaction enabling the students sharing the same learning goals to unionize with each other, communicate their ideas and information. Jonassen (1988) has sta ted in his works that the effectiveness of any learning environment is based on the types and levels of cognitive and metacognitive activity engendered in the learners. It is widely accepted that learning is enhanced in instructional settings where students are engaged in processing personally relevant content and are reflective during the learning process.Learners that participate in active learning activities find learning a more pleasurable and increasingly effective than engaging in monotonous lecture sessions. Online learning provides the learners with the scope to explore the topics and study related to theories that increase their level of understanding. The key ingredient to a successful computer based learning application is its ability to interact with the student and direct the flow of learning in accordance with the student capability. The profile and presentation of information through attention grabbing graphics and multimedia tool make this a more effective learning platform.Once the attention of the student is on the learning tool the application inevitably to stimulate the learners curiosity that in turn leads to search for answers and in-depth study of the learning module. The most effective teaching method involves a high level of interaction between the teacher and the student. A dedicated teacher is one who understands the students learning capacity and his shortcomings and guides him through with effective feedback. A two-way communication between the teacher and the student is very effective in the learning process. computing machine based learning applications are continually striving to achieve the human to human interactivity level and have been quite successful in this venture with the aid of multimedia based technologies. Blended learning combines the arrogant aspects of both conventional classroom learning and online learning to provide an enriching learning experience to the students. Web-based tools There are wide varieties o f computer-mediated communications technologies that enable manage and support E learning. These tools have facilitated extensive collaboration and communication protocols providing an enriched learning environment.Some of these tools are email, chat, video conferencing, web conferencing, newsgroup, blogs, forums, realistic classrooms, and message boards. Synchronous and asynchronous tools E learning is commonly referred to the international use of networked information and communications technology in teaching and learning. It refers to educational processes that utilize information and communications technology to mediate asynchronous as well as synchronous learning and teaching activities (Naidu, 2006). Both synchronous and asynchronous tools can be used effectively to communicate, exchange and form ideas and information on a specific subject matter.Synchronous E learning is live, echt time facilitated instruction, and learning oriented interaction that enables learners to use electronic means to collaborate and participate in live forums. The root of synchronous E learning has been derived from three main influences the classroom, the media, and the conference. The virtual classroom uses super interactive forms of synchronous E learning tools to simulate a conventional classroom environment. White-board, discussion rooms, and break out areas are some of the concepts used to enhance interactivity between learners in a virtual classroom.Naidu (2006) also observes that most of the applications are built around the synchronous learning model that makes use of tools like virtual learning environment, rapid E learning, web casting, web conferencing, video conferencing, webinars, live E learning, and e conferencing. These synchronous E learning tools help in connecting dispersed learners, facilitating real time interaction and collaboration, fostering a sense of immediacy and co-presence, developing a learning community, and enabling admittance to subject mat ter unspoilt resources.This kind of learning environment rules out gender and personality dominance that tends to overpower in a traditional classroom setting. It encourages learners towards better teamwork, collaboration skills, strong motivation and extended peer support (Naidu, 2006). Asynchronous tools like emails, electronic forums, online discussions, blogs, provide a platform for students and teachers to discuss ideas and opinions on a specific topic.This form of E learning is commonly facilitated by media such as email and discussion boards, supports work transaction among learners with teachers, even when participants cannot be online at the same time (Hrastinski, 2008). This provides a form of flexibility to the learners since they can adit learning materials and information any time according to their convenience. The learners can log on to an E learning environment and access training materials, receive and send messages to peers and tutors. In higher education, learn ers can pursue online courses dapple taking care of other commitments.Asynchronous E learning tools have the advantage of enabling users to access information and pursue their subject matter with greater degree of concentration allowing the mind to process the information at leisure. However, it also has some significant drawbacks that include greater learner discipline since the learner has to bow out initiatives to login and make use of the information and tasks involved in learning process. This kind of learning process is more impersonal and isolated as compared to synchronous learning tools that enable live interaction (Ashley, 2003).

The Groundwork of Metaphysics of Morals Essay Example for Free

The Groundwork of Metaphysics of Morals EssayImmanuel Kants Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals, argues upon the behind of lessonisticity introducing the ideals of the categorical authoritative as the central plan of moral philosophy. The definition of the categorical crying leads Kant towards the critique of pure reason arguing that without a goodwill one cant in time be valuey of being happy. Kant introduces goodwill, treating people as means rather than ends and doing the right(a) thing for the right reason.Making a distinction between science and knowledge and eliminating common sense on a route to the philosophical, Kant fastens reason as reason a practical faculty to influence will and to a fault being essential to will. Kant argument in the Groundwork focuses upon the basic idea of what makes a good soul good. It is the possession of a will that is a way dictated by, or makes decision based of moral law. This goodwill is supposed to be the idea of one who only makes decisions that she holds to be morally worthy, taking moral considerations in themselves to be conclusive reasons for guiding her behavior.This sort of disposition or character is something we all extremely comfort. Kant believes we value it without limitation or qualification. Formulated by pure reason, the categorical imperative according to Kant underscores his argument. The value of a good will thus cannot be that it secures certain valuable ends, whether of our own or of others, since in that location value is entirely conditional on our having and maintaining a good will. Kants categorical imperative argues that ones actions should be done from duty in order to obtain true moral worth. It is not the result of ones actions scarce rather means of that duty that leads humanity to happiness.The goodwill of this person would sparkle like a stone all by itself, as something that had its full worth in itself (Kant, 1). Humanity is very much determined by strive for ex cellence in order to obtain the ultimate good. Kants hypothetical imperative stresses how indications and determination for the result are the goal for people to act. Juxtaposing with the ideals of the categorical imperative the latter is motivated by the result rather than acting from duty. Acting in such a way that ones actions can establish a universal law is what I consider the road to happiness.It is not primarily doing good to oneself in order obtain a desired result. Doing good to others and treating these as means rather than ends is what I define as true happiness. Goodwill will neednt be the sole and complete good, but it essential be the condition of all others, even of the desire for happiness (Kant, 1). So we have to develop the concept of goodwill that is determined and esteemed as good in it without regard to anything else, judging the total worth of the actions we commit and with the entirety depending on it searching for the unconditional good.

Cause and Consequences of urbanization in Scotland Essay Example for Free

Cause and Consequences of urbanization in Scotland EssayThis essay leave behind explore relevant cause and consequences of urbanisation in Scotland from 1700-1860. A dictionary-defined term would be the social per ricochetance whereby cities grow and societies become much urban.(1. 30/08/2005). Scotland went through and through huge political and economical changes from the 1700s onwards. The country went from being a rural, agricultural society with an estimated population of 1.2 million in 1755, to being urbanised, with the population rising to everyplace 2.6 million in 1841(Lenman, p281, 2001).This figure is what makes the urbanisation of Scotland so interesting. What were the main(prenominal) factors that caused the population to grow so quick? The expansion of population everyplace such a short period and the social changes that occurred with this. The great agricultural and Industrial revolutions had a study parts to play in the urbanisation of Scotland and this essay will lay out some enlightenment on why it was so profoundly noticeable in Scotland. Another header that will be investigated is the consequences of urbanisation, how the country ultimately became a modern capitalised country from its rural beginnings.Before and up until 1750, Scotland was very much a feudalistic country. Lords rented populates enough land for them to produce food for thought to survive. In return, the populate would have to labour the Lords land as well as his own. The Landlord would reap the benefits, the tenant would survive, and as the bulk of the people depended on the land as their departly-hood, it was a means to survival. As Devine states,_ In 1750 only i Scot in eight lived in a town (population of 4000 or over) and there was only four towns with more(prenominal) than 10000 inhabitants_ (Devine, 1999, p125). This shows the enormity of Scots who were living in rural communities, with the main labour being in agriculture, weaving and fishing. T he changes to agriculture began with those known as the improvers, whose main outlook was to modernise the course the land was cultivated.As the population of the country began to accelerate quickly, the improvers were looking to produce mass food instead of the old way of cultivation. During the period between 1790-1840 new farming equipment was introduced and the land that was formally cultivatedusing the infield-outfield and rug and rumple method was improved by enclosing the land into fields making it more productive for crops and for blood line Crop rotations were also introduced which was making use of the land at all times.The introduction of single tenant farming as opposed to ferm-touns meant the beginning of the clearances, as well as agricultural tools becoming more efficient. The introduction of threshing machines reduced manual labour and the Smalls cover a two horse plough replaced the Scots plough which required a team of oxen and horses (Devine, 1998, p138). The se new ideas did create more food but they also odd people homeless and jobless, as there was less labour needed, which left people no choice but to move on into the towns and cities where industry had began creating jobs.The growth of the towns and cities were intricately conjugated with the agrarian revolution as the mass population relied on the land for the food it produced. The other main point that Devine makes is that as the agricultural market started to accelerate, the need for exchange centres that provided legal, commerce and financial facilities for the rural communities became more prominent, so several towns including Perth, Ayr and Dumfries became the provider of these services. This again contributed to expansion of towns, as people were required to work and live in the towns to facilitate these congeals (Devine 1998, p32)Therefore, we can gather that three major changes occurred at the same time and they contributed towards urbanisation in Scotland The agrarian r evolution along with the population growth, and the expansion of the manufacturing industry.As T.M Devine States,_Urbanisation could not have interpreted place without a substantial increase in food production to sustain the needs of those who did not cultivate their own food supplies. At the same time, agrarian productivity had to improve in do to release a growing proportion of the population for non-agricultural tasks in towns and cities._ (Devine, 1998, p32)Along with theses changes the manufacturing industry began to grow rapidly. Scotland was a major player in the transatlantic trading industry and due to its geographical position, it was halcyon in the tobacco trade and it would go on to prosper in cotton and linen too. Scotlands Geographical position at this time was very important as it is situated between the Atlantic and Europe, which meant trading from wholeness to the other, was very successful.The two major factors of the Industrial Revolution were, the textile indu stry and the productivity of the steam engine, which was revolutionised by James Watt in 1769 (Watt James online, 2005). Textiles factories and coalmines could produce more goods and they did not need to be earnest a water source in read to run. Due to this, the larger towns and cities began to grow rapidly._Greenock in 1700 had a population of 2000 and by 1831 it had rose to 27500.__Glasgow went from 31700 to 147000.__Paisley went from 6800 to 47000.__Kilmarnock went from 4400 to 12700__Falkirk went from 3900 to 11500. All within the time period from 1740-1850 (Devine 1998, p35)_The population growth over the short period is the most significant point here as this is what made urbanisation in Scotland different. There be many different factors that instilled the population growth but some are more significant than others are. Irish Immigration was very prominent and the migration of people from the rural areas had a major impact. For example_ The majority of the migrants were y oung adults more concentrated in the marriageable and childbearing age groups than were the innate inhabitants. High Migration because of its age composition was therefore likely to fuel natural increase in the urban areas_.(Devine 1998,p41) At the same time thehighlanders were leaving the land either through force as the lords utilize the new cultivation techniques to the land or through choice. The majority chose to immigrate to America this did not affect the population growth as many Irish migrants were coming to Scotland looking for employment in the booming industries._Urbanisation meant more jobs, a wider diversity of social contacts and infinitely greater colour and excitement in the lives of the masses_ (Devine 1998 p43) mortality rate rates demonstrate their huge impact on population growth too. It has been suggested that lower death rates, through natural immunity to disease highly contributed to urbanisation, as in the early 1800s the death rate had fall to 25 per 1000 . This suggests that natural immunity and high levels of unemployment accelerated the population growth (Devine, 1998, p48).The effect of industrialisation was economically good for the country, but with it came poverty. The majority of the working family lived in overcrowded housing areas known as slums with no sanitation, and were rife with disease. As Devine argues, during periods of industrial niche when employment had slumped, there were also periods of disease epidemic. These began in 1817-1820(Typhoid), 1826-27(Typhoid) and in 1830-1832, a cholera epidemic that wiped out 10000 people. Periods of recession run parallel, the first being 1816-1818, 1825 and and so 1836 (Devine, 1999, p168). In 1839, Death rates rose to 29 per 1000. People were forced to live in unlawful living conditions with huge sanitations problems, the towns and cities could not cope with the urban growth and disease was the outcome. Overcrowded, sub-divided housing was a tough issue in all the major Tow ns and Cities, especially in Glasgow. _I did not believe until I visited Glasgow, that so large an amount of filth, crime, misery and disease existed in one spot in any one civilised country (_Butt J, 1987 p41-42).People were customised to living in filthy dark, damp squalid conditions amongst disease. As the periods of recession were leaving thousands out of work in a state of poverty, the poor law amendment act was passed in 1845, which replaced the old poor relief laws of the parishes taking responsibly for thepoor. The new law allowed a claim to be made under supervision of a board of examiners, it came in the form of indoor relief, which would be rise to power to a poorhouse if subject had lost the ability to work, and outdoor relief, which was for short-term illness, and this may have been in the form of payment or medicine. It could be argued that the industrial revolution was the birth of the working class and capitalism in this country. Those who owned the factories and do cks made a great profit and a middle class lifestyle was adopted. This could be said to be the division of the classes, with the help of the industrial revolution, people developed a working class or middle class attitude,In conclusion, the evidence points out that several major factors occurred that accelerated the urban growth of the nation. The Agrarian revolution started the mass migrating and the industrial revolution provided the work force in order for capitalism to evolve. The consequences of urbanisation were overwhelming, yes the economy did thrive, but at what cost to the working class people, death, disease and misery.