Biological Anthropology

Gonzalez, AureaMarch 6, 2013Question 1 For many geezerhood biological anthropologists hurt been trying to commit laundry through genetic science but race is not determined biologically. The closest aspect to a biological feature in grouping people is cline geography do people of the same area in the world similar. Human variation, however, is mixed bag of skin color, eye color characteristics that are genetic and unchanging genes. communicable traits claim nothing to do with race it influences the idea of it. Mutations cause variation. An cause of this would be with how sunlight affects skin t unmatched because of dark and light melanin.Race cannot be naturally divided into groups because it is an arbitrary, modern idea a social create based on ethnicity, social reform, and husbandry, otherwise known as The keen Chain of Being. Constant change in the world, such as migration and reproduction, brings r maturation upon us. Jim Brown, in The Power of Illusion, specifically says, Race has changed as a description in this country. The world is al fashions changing people go forth endlessly try to identify race through genetics, but it never will be proven biologically because its merely a heathen classification.Also, in the film, a group of students try to find out who they top executive be closely related to, based on mitochondrial DNA. A unforgiving girl believes she is more closely related to another black son in the class. When they matched the MTDNA, they found out they were wrong. Some had the same number and physique of MTDNA that others across the country had. This proved race had nothing to do with genetics. Scientists have tried to see going aways in athletic ability according to race. However, at that place is no biological explanation for why some wizard of one race might be more athletic than someone of another.If a whitened person ran in the mountains with high altitude, he would have neater lung susceptibility than someone who ran an average racetrack. Nutrition and adaptation affect genetics, bringing intimately variety of human beings. If a black person grew up with great nutrition, he was interchangeablely to be taller and healthier than someone who might not have access to nutrition. Therefore, race cannot determine specific differences between one another because access to food affects variation. Its important to remember the difference between race and human variation because e reallyone should be treated equal.Although at that place is internal variation within the human species, that doesnt define race, withal human variation. 400 words Gonzalez, AureaMarch 6, 2013Question 2 The origin of walking on two feet goes digest between 10-3 MYA. There are numerous ways to diagnose bipedalism with haggard remains. The foramen magnum is where the spinal cord meets the skull and passes on to the head. It is able to determine whether or not a frame was bipedal because if the spinal cord is laid d irectly beneath the skull, rather than its back, such as the chimpanzee, it is proven to have walked on two legs.Also, you can infer that the skeleton was bipedal because pectoral kyphosis, the slight backward curve of the vertebrae to which the ribs attach, do not develop until one begins to walk upright. Lumbar lordosis, the forward curve of the lower portion of the back, is more robust in females than in males for ability to balance to support a baby during pregnancy. Angle of the femur is another way to prove bipedalism. If the tap is increasingly wide, the skeleton was bipedal because it allows more balance with the broaden hips, versus a chimp with a straighter angle of a femur, causing the wobble when walking on two feet.Increase in leg length is another way to prove bipedalism. Apes had longer arms than legs, proving knuckle-walking, and spending more time swing music in trees walking on the ground. The fossil Lucy was the first bipedal skeleton found in Kenya which dates back to 3. 6 MYA. Shes considered the first bipedal skeleton because hips down, she had the body of a human, however hip up, using her brain size, she was considered ape. Salem, aka Lucys baby, had a preserved skull, milk teeth, tiny fingers, a torso, a foot, and an extremely tiny kneecap which helped archeologists say she was about three historic period old when she died.Salem differed from Lucy, having a face, while Lucys head was barely found, and had ape-like shoulders, notification us tree climbing was still a part of its nature, supporting the theory of A. afarensis. Bipedalism was a positive adaptation in human evolution because of survival. Keeping cool from changing landscapes and climates was an important factor in survival of the fittest running. With the shedding of h agate line on our bodies from evolution, sweating was our new found air conditioner, allowing the human species to run in the day and keep cool at the same time, making it easier to hunt protein, meat, the greatest source of nutrition. 400 words Gonzalez, AureaMarch 6, 2013Question 3 Several methods were used for the shaft of the African Burial Ground in 1991. After using large machinery and shovels to get through the first some feet of dirt, dental tools and brushes were used to find the remains of skeletons carefully. Soil marks in the dirt from decayed wood where a coffin once was were palpable to determine where to locate the heads and bodies of the skeletons. Photos were taken to preserve the history before excavating, for excavation is destructive, destroying information due to damaged remains.Archeologists were able to infer a make do about some of the bodies found such as age, sex, and culture. Two thirds of the adults were identify male, one third being female, and forty-five percent of the excavated bodies, children under cardinal years old. Sex was able to be determined through rose hip shape. The wider the angle of the pelvis, it was determined to be female, the thinner the angle, it was male. Another way to identify sex with the pelvis is the pubic archs shape. If the arch seems like a circle, it is female, if it seems heart-shaped, it is male.Teeth give indication of age, but aging can in like manner be caused by environmental stress. Teeth also played a cultural aspect in these peoples lives. Shape of the teeth told archeologists whether or not they were born in Africa or kept practicing their culture while they were alive. Filing of the teeth into hourglass and peg shapes showed tribal affiliations in atomic number 74 Africa. Thus, historical data and these observations tell us the bodies were indeed African. Dr. Blake, in African Burial Ground, An American Discovery, suggests a man in his thirties had the craniate of an eighty year old man.Vertebral Lipping can be caused by stand all day, adding pressure to your spine, but carrying heavy loads can thump out your spine at a quicker age. This showed us that this man was very hard wor king. Also, some bodies were buried with shroud, which indicated that they were extremely poor, while a char was found buried with a lace of beads that were a waist decoration indicating she wasnt as poor as the others. In October of 1992, more than four hundred skeletons were removed. The discovery of the African Burial Ground reminds us today of enslaved relatives that were almost forgotten due to the building of our city. 398 words