If you have ever half-submerged a straight stick with into water, you have probably noticed that the stick appears bent at the point it enters the water (see Figure 1.) This optical effect is payable to refraction. As hop outness passes from one transparent forte to another, it changes speed, and bends. How lots this happens depends on the refractive mightiness of the mediums and the angle in the midst of the send peter and the line perpendicular ( popular) to the surface separating the two mediums (medium/medium interface) (See Figures 2a and 2b.) Each medium has a different refractive index (see list below.) The angle mingled with the go down rotating shaft and the normal as it leaves a medium is called the angle of incidence. The angle between the light ray and the normal as it enters a medium is called the angle of refraction.
Snells Law
In 1621, a Dutch physicist named Willebrord Snell (1591-1626), derived the relationship between the different angles of light as it passes from one transperent medium to another.
When light passes from one transparent medium to another, it bends according to Snells justice which states:
Ni * Sin(Ai) = Nr * Sin(Ar),
where:
Ni is the refractive index of the medium the light is leaving,
Ai is the incident angle between the light ray and the normal to the meduim to medium interface,
Nr is the refractive index of the medium the light is entering,
Ar is the refractive angle between the light ray and the normal to the meduim to medium interface
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